Python Modules & Packages

Introduction to Modules & Packages

Modules are Python files (.py) that group related code. Packages are directories containing an __init__.py to organize modules.

Creating Custom Modules

Create a file indian_utils.py with reusable functions:

# indian_utils.py
def greet(name):
    return f"Namaste, {name}!"

# main.py
from indian_utils import greet
print(greet("Rahul"))  # Namaste, Rahul!
 

Using Packages

Packages let you group modules in directories. Example structure:

bharat_tools/
  __init__.py
  maths.py       # add functions
greetings.py   # wish functions
 

# greetings.py
def wish():
    return "Happy Diwali!"

# maths.py
def add(x, y):
    return x + y

# usage in main.py
from bharat_tools import maths, greetings
print(maths.add(10, 20))    # 30
print(greetings.wish())      # Happy Diwali!
 

pip & Virtual Environments

Use venv to isolate dependencies:

# Create and activate venv (Windows)
python -m venv env
envScriptsactivate

# Install packages
pip install requests